Mineralogical and geochemical investigation of emerald and beryl mineralisation, Pan-African Belt of Egypt: genetic and exploration aspects

نویسنده

  • H. M. ABDALLA
چکیده

Mineralogical, geochemical and fluid inclusion studies reveal two favourable environments for the localisation of beryl mineralisations in the Precambrian rocks of Egypt: (1) emerald-schist; and (2) beryl-specialised granitoid associations. Emerald occurs within the mica schists and is typically confined to the Nugrus major shear zone. However, beryl associated with granitoids occurs in pegmatite veins, greisen bodies, and cassiterite quartz veins cutting the granites and the exocontacts of the volcanosedimentary country rocks. Compositionally, emerald is of octahedral type and its cell edge is lengthened along the a-axis, while beryl associated with granitoids is normal in composition and structural constants. Emerald is thought to be formed as the result of epitactic nucleation of Be, Al and alkali-rich solutions on the mica of the schist country rocks. Fluid inclusion studies show that the solutions are saline (8-22 wt% NaCl equiv.) and the reactions proceeded in the temperature range 260-382OC. On the other hand, aqueous inclusions in beryl associated with granitoids show the following sequence of formation with decreasing temperatures and salinities: beryl pegmatite (320-480°C and 7-16 wt% NaCl equiv.)+greisen bodies (190-400°C and 4-7 wt% NaCl equiv.)+cassiterite-quartz veins (1 90-380°C and 2-4 wt% NaCl equiv.). This study suggests that factors such as the chemistry of the Be-bearing fluids (rather than that of the bulk host schists) and syn-tectonic intrusions of leucogranites and pegmatites (Bederiving sources) along major ductile shear zones are the important factors controlling emerald formation. However, the endogreisens and exogreisens are the most important targets characterising the metasomaticallyand magmatically-specialised, Be-granitoids, respectively. The aqueous inclusions examined in greisen beryls of metasomatised granites show a shorter range of homogenisation temperatures (260-39OOC) and salinities (4.8-7 wt% NaCl equiv.) as compared to those of magmatically-specialised granitoids (1 90-400°C and 4-7 wt% NaCl equiv.). This phenomenon can be partly attributed to the late development of the fracture system during the crystallisation history of the metasomatised granites, where little or no contribution from meteoric waters occurred. @ 1999 Elsevier Science Limited. All rights reserved. RESUME-L’btude mineralogique, chimique et d’inclusions fluides met en evidence deux environnements favorables pour la localisation des mineralisations en beryl des roches precambriennes d’Egypte: (1) les schistes a Bmeraude, (2) les associations granitiques specialisee a beryl. L’emeraude se rencontre dans les micaschistes et se concentre prdferentiellement dans la zone de cisaillement du Nugrus. Le beryl des associations granitiques se trouve dans des veines pegmatitiques, des corps de greisen, des veines a cassiterite-quartz recoupant les granites et dans les exocontacts des roches encaissantes volcano-sedimentaires. L’emeraude est de type octaedrique et sa maille est allongee le long de I’axe-a. Elle a dO se former par nucleation epitaxique de solutions riches en Be, Al et alcalins sur le mica des schistes encaissants. Les inclusions fluides dans l’emeraude sont salines (8-22% en masse equivalent NaCI) et les reactions se sont produits dans un intervalle de temperatures de 260 a 38OOC. Par contre, le beryl granitique a une composition et une structure normales. Les inclusions aqueuses dans le beryl montrent la sequence 8 temperature et salinite decroissantes: pegmatite Journal of African Earth Sciences 58 1 H. M. ABDALLA and F. H. MOHAMED B beryl (320-480°C et 7-16% equivalent NaCI)-+greisens (IgO-400°C et 4-7% equivalent NaCl)+veine a cassiterite-quartz (IgO-380°C et 2-4% equivalent NaCI). Cette etude suggere que des facteurs comme la composition chimique des fluides a Be (plutot que celle des schistes h8te.s) et I’intrusion syn-tectonique de leucogranites et de pegmatites (d’oir derivent les sources de Be) le long de zones majeures de cisaillement contrdlent la formation d’emeraude. Cependant, les endogreisens et les exogreisens constituent les meilleures cibles pour caracteriser les granites metasomatises et magmatiques specialises en Be, respectivement. Les inclusions fluides des beryls de greisen de granite metasomatise ont des intervalles de temperatures d’homogeneisation (260-39OOC) et de salinites (4.8-7% equivalent NaCI) plus Btroits que dans les granites magmatiques (190-4OO’C et 4-7% equivalent NaCI). Ce phenomene peut etre attribue en partie au developpement tardif du systeme de fractures au tours de la cristallisation des granites m6tasomatis6s avec une contribution faible B nulle des eaux m6t6oriques.

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تاریخ انتشار 2003